This report, published with co-funding from the EU-German CAPSAFE project, provides an in-depth assessment of the current status, key constraints, and sustainable development opportunities within Cambodia’s pepper value chain. Although Cambodia is home to the world-renowned Kampot pepper, which holds Geographical Indication (GI) status, the sector continues to face major challenges due to limited domestic processing capacity, resulting in most raw pepper being exported informally to neighboring countries such as Vietnam and Thailand. The analysis shows that pepper production has declined since 2018, largely due to the impacts of extreme weather, while cultivation remains concentrated in the border provinces of Tboung Khmum, Mondulkiri, and Ratanakiri. The report proposes strategic actions to strengthen farmer capacity, improve business linkages, and expand digital traceability systems to support the positioning of branded Cambodian pepper in high-value international markets.